Class - 10 Syllabus : Geography and Environment : Keys for Whole Syllabus

 Class - 10

Syllabus : Geography and Environment

Unit No.	Topic	Sub-topic	Objectives/Competency
Group - A : physical Geography
1.	Exogenetic processes and resultant landforms	(a) Exogenetic processes	Role of Exogenetic processes on formation of landforms in brief.
	links - Short Questions	(b) Works of a river (erosion, transportation, deposition) and resultant landforms	river as a part of hydrological cycle, river basin, interfluves, courses of river
		Causes of delta formation at effect of global warming on The delta reason (The Sundarbans of Ganga, Padma - Meghna	Analysis of conditions favourable for the formation of deltas Comprehensive concept on how global warming has affected this reason. Current situation of Lohachara, new moore and ghoramara islands.
	Short Questions	(c) works of glacier (erosion, transportation, deposition) and resultant landforms	concepts of glacier , glacier is the largest source of freshwater on earth, types of glacier Prince in per interest (continental, mountain, Piedmont), Snowline, Iceberg, Creavasse and Bergschrund (problems in mountaineering). Erosion, transportation and deposition processes and landform formation (analysis) Landforms - Corrie, Arete, Pyramidal peak, Truncated Spurs, U-shaped valley or Glacial trough, Hanging valley, Roches Mountonnes, Crag and tail, Fjord, Moraines (Lateral,Medial,Terminal Moraines)
		works of wind (erosion, transportation, deposition and resultant landforms, landforms formed by combining actions of wind and running water	Predominance of wind action in the major deserts of the world (with map) and in coastal regions, concept of formation of sand particles Works of wind, processes and concept of formation of different landforms. Landforms-Deflation hollow, Gour, Zeugen, Yardang, Inselberg, Sand Dunes (Barkhans and Seif), loess, Concepts of landforms formed by the combined actions of wind and running water (Wadi, Pediment. Bajada, Playa). Expansion of deserts and measures to control it (examples of Sahara and Thar desert).
2	Atmosphere	(a) concept of atmosphere, composition	atmosphere, concept of different element of atmosphere
		(b) layers of atmosphere (on the basis of composition and temperature)	Concepts of layers of almosphere on the basis of composition and variation of temperature (explanations with diagrams) - Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere and Magnetosphere. Importance of Ozonosphere and its depletion. Insolation, heat budget, processes of heating of the atmosphere. measurement of heat-Six's Thermometer, maximum and minimum temperature, average temperature and range of temperature (diurnal, monthly and annual) - calculation from a given table. Causes of variation of atmospheric temperature (with examples)- latitude, altitude (mention inversion of temperature), distribution of land and water bodies (mention maritime and continental climates), winds, ocean currents, slope of land, cloud cover and precipitation, natural vegetation, soil, urbanisation and industrilisation.
		(c) heat, temperature and global warming	Heat Belts, Isotherm and horizontal distribution of temperature. Global warming-role of green house gases. Effects of global warming-melting of polar ice caps and mountain glacier, rise of sea level, change in nature of precipitation, over and under production of crops, change in agricultural methods, El-Nino and its global effects, imbalance in earth's incoming and outgoing solar radiation
		(d) pressure bells and winds (planetary winds, local winds,sudden or irregular winds, cycline, anti cyclone	concept of air pressure, measurement of air pressure (Torricelli's Barometer, Fortin's Barometer, Aneroid Barometer, mention other advanced instruments) , factors affecting atmospheric pressure (altitude, temperature, water vapour, earth's rotation, distribution of land and water), isobars (mentioning the concept of pressure gradient) Pressure belts of earth, shifting of pressure belts, wind - planetary winds, periodic winds (land and sea breezes, monsoon, mountain and valley breezes) Loo; cold-Mistral, Bora), sudden or irregular winds (cyclone and anti-cyclones). Jet streams, relation between monsoon and jet streams
		(e) Humidity and precipitation	Concept of hydrological cycle, evaporation, humidity (absolute humidity, specific humidity, relative humidity), saturated air, dew point, measurements of humidity: condensation and its different forms-dew, fog, smog, cloud (classific- ation not required), use of conventional signs and symbols of cloud cover in wealther map. Precipitation-concept, mention of different forms of precipitation, types of rainfall, measurements of rainfall. Major climatic regions of the world-Wet Equatorial, Tropical (Monsoon, Hot Desert), Warm Temperate (Mediterranean, Steppe, China type), Cold Temperate (West Coastal Maritime, Continental, Wet Temperate) Cold (Tundra) [through table and a full page world map]. Identification of climate and hemisphere with the help of temperature and rainfall graph (wet equatorial, tropical monsoon, tropical hot desert, Mediterranean tundra).
3	Hydrosphere	(a) concept of ocean currents, causes of origin of ocean currents (descriptions of ocean currents of different oceans not required) specific influence of ocean currents through out the world.	concept of ocean current (comparison with waves), types - warm and cold currents. Causes of origin of ocean currents - Earth's rotation, wind, temperature and salinity of ocean water, density of ocean water, melting of ice, shape of coastline, seasonal variations. Effects of ocean currents on Earth - formation of banks and its commercial importance, coastal climate, climate change ocean currents of different oceans to be shown in a full page world map).
		(b) concept of tides, origin and effects.	concept of tides, origin of tides, primary tides, secondary tides, different in time between high tides, syzygy, apogee, Perigee, tidal bore Effects of tides
Group : B environmental geography
Unit : 4	Waste Management	concept of waste	concept of waste with reference to waste derived from the locality. Classification of waste-solid, liquid, gaseous, toxic and non-toxic Waste.
		sources of waste and its effects	brief concept of sources of waste-domestic waste, industrial waste, organic waste, biomedical environment.
		Methods and importance of West management Objectives/competency : concept of waste management-reduction, reuse and recycling
			Processes of solid, liquid and gaseous waste, disposal and management - segregation of waste (bio-degradable, non bio-degradable) landfill composting, drainage, scrubber
			Need for waste management
			Role of students in waste management
			Effects of waste disposal on Bhagirathi-Hooghly river, A case study
Group - C : regional geography
5	India-introduction
	India-physical environment	(a) location, administrative divisions	geographical location, extent, boundaries Brief history of demarcation of provinces of India after independence Existing provinces and union territories of India
		(b) physiography of India	physiographic divisions of India. -the northern mountainous region -the Planes of Northern India -the Peninsula plateau -The coastal plains -the Islands Significance of physiographic divisions
		(c) water resources of India	brief overview of water resources of India river ( only the description of the courses of Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri rivers), distribution of lakes, water bodies, cannals, and their importance in human life.
			Means of irrigation (well tubevwell canal), advantage and disadvantage , overuse of groundwater and its impact
			Multipurpose river valley project-mention some important river valley projects
			The Damodar valley corporation-a case study
			•Conservation of water importance and methods (watershed development, rainwater harvesting) , role of Tamilnadu in rainwater harvesting - A case study
		(d) climate of India	regional variations in climate of India Factors affecting the climate of India - location and latitudinal extension, role of Himalayas, monsoon winds, jet stream, tropical cyclone and western disturbances,El-nino and La-nina
			Monsoon winds and seasonality in India-summer, rainy season, retreating monsoon, winter.
			Impact of monsoon rainfall on soil, natural vegitation, agriculture (mentioning flood and draught)
		(e) soils in India	types of soil (alluvial soil, black soil, red soil, laterite soil, desert soil, mountain soil) , minerals, crops, associated ), regional distribution, wind, nature of rainfall, topography, pressure of unsentific, mining, landslide, deforestation, conventional method of farming), reasons of soil erosion.
			Consequences of soil erosion-loss of top layer of fertile soil, fall of groundwater table and reduction in soil moisture, expansion of desert region, frequent occurrence of flood and drought, increasing situation in canals and rivers, increasing landslide, hindrance in economical prosperity and cultural development.
			Prevention of soil erosion and soil conservation tree planting, terrace farming, contour ploughing, strip cropping, gully blowing, prevention of jhoom cultivation
		(f) natural vegitation of India	Type of vegetation (Tropical Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Tropical Desert Forests, Montane Forests, Littoral Forests), regional, Distribution, characteristic features, uses.
			Need for conservation of forests and its measures-prohibition of indiscriminate deforestation, reduction of felling of premature trees, use of alternate source of energy instead of fuel wood, prevention of forest and biologically controlled grazing of cattle, afforestation and reforestation, adoptation of forest management like felling of mature trees and selective tree felling operations, people's participation) Social-forestry and Agro-forestry.
	India-economic environment	(a) agriculture in India characteristics of Indian agriculture, types (on the basis of crops and seasons), production and distribution of major crops (rice, wheat, millet, sugarcane, cotton, tea, coffee)	Major characteristics of Indian agriculture (subsistence agriculture, pressure of population, predominance of animal force, dependence on monsoon, uses of irrigation, small size of land holding, uncontrolled uses of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, predominance of food crops, insignificant place to given fodder crops, variety of food crops.
			Classification of crops on the basis of uses- food crops, fibre crops, plantations, others.
			Classification of crops on the basis of season- Kharif, rabi, zaid. Favourable geographical environment (physical & economical), distribution, production and trade of major crops.
			Problems of Indian agriculture and their solutions.
			Causes of agricultural prosperity in Punjab, Haryana- A case study.
		(b) industries in India - iron and steel industry, cotton textile, engineering, petrochemical, automobile and information technology	Factors affecting the location of industries (importance of raw material, water, electricity, transport, labour, market, capital etc.), concept of pure and impure raw materials.
			Classification of industries on the basis of nature of raw materials (agro-based, animal-based, forest-based, mineral-based).
			Causes of development of the mentioned industries (with reference to their locations).
		(c) population of India-census and demographic characteristics in brief, growth of population, sustainable development, causes of variation in population distribution, density of population, urbanisation problems of urbanisation	Brief overview of census.
			Basic demographic information about population of India (total population, male, female, annual and decadal population growth rate, adult population, child population, dependent population, literacy rate, unemployed population, life expectancy, child mortality rate, percentage of population engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary and other sectors-figures only, according to 2011 census).
			Concept of population growth and sustainable development
			Factors influencing the regional distribution of population in India. Concept of density of population.
			Causes of emergence of twon and cities by concentration of gathering of population at locations favourable to human livelihood. Problems of urbanisation in India-unplanned urbanisation, peoples tendency to settle in cities, of infrastructure (settlement, transport, health, education, electricity, problems related to sewage system)
		(d) transport and communication system of India importance of modes of transport, major seaports and international airports in India.	Importance of transport.
			Modes of transport.
			Importance of railways and roadways (Golden Quardrilateral, north-south-east-west corridors, national highways, state highways),
			Waterways-Inland and se, major seaports.
			Airways-location of national and international airports.
			Other transportation systems-Importance of ropeway, pipeline, undergound railways.
			Modern communication system-internet, e- mail, cell phone etc.
Group - D : Satellite imagery and Topographical map
6	Satellite imagery and topographical map	Satellite imagery and topographical map-concept, differences uses of scales on topographical map, characteristics and uses of satellite image.	General concept of Satellite imagery and Topographical map.
			Differences between Satellite imagery and Topographical map.
			Uses of different types of scale on Topographical map.
			Steps in acquisition of satellite image.
			Characteristics of satellite image.
			Uses of satellite image and its importance.